Ecological Disruptions Threaten Global Security

Environmental crises are no longer just humanitarian issues, they are emerging as serious threats to national security worldwide.

When ecosystems can no longer provide essential resources such as food, water, and clean air, nations face heightened risks of instability, economic decline, and even armed conflict.

For years, the US military and intelligence agencies have recognized climate change as a security threat. However, broader ecological disruptions—such as overfishing, zoonotic diseases, and environmental crime—also play a critical role in destabilizing regions and fueling international tensions.

Overfishing has sparked conflicts for decades. Between the 1950s and 1970s, the UK and Iceland engaged in the infamous “Cod Wars” over depleted fish stocks.

More recently, China’s aggressive fishing practices in the South China Sea have led to rising tensions, prompting nations like Indonesia to destroy illegal Chinese vessels and causing the U.S. and its allies to increase naval patrols.

Beyond fisheries, illegal wildlife trade and environmental crimes generate billions of dollars annually—funding criminal organizations, drug cartels, and even terrorist groups. In Somalia, for example, illegal logging and charcoal sales have financed deadly attacks by extremist groups, destabilizing the region.

Pandemics have further underscored the link between ecological health and security. Over 70% of emerging infectious diseases originate from wildlife, including Ebola, Zika, and SARS.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which is believed to have originated from wildlife markets, resulted in over 7 million deaths and caused severe global disruptions. Countries with high mortality rates also faced rising civil unrest and political instability.