The International Day of Combating Sand and Dust Storms

The International Day of Combating Sand and Dust Storms is observed annually on July 12, following its official designation by the United Nations General Assembly in 2023 (Resolution A/RES/77/294). This day aims to raise global awareness of the rising frequency and severity of sand and dust storms due to climate change, desertification, and unsustainable land practices. These storms can carry harmful fine particles (PM10 and PM2.5) across continents, severely affecting air quality, human health, agriculture, and ecosystems. The observance highlights the urgent need for international cooperation, early warning systems, and public health strategies to protect vulnerable populations—particularly those with asthma, allergies, or cardiovascular diseases—from their harmful effects.

What Are Sand and Dust Storms?

Sand and dust storms (SDS) are natural meteorological phenomena that occur when strong winds lift loose sand and fine dust particles from dry, bare soil into the atmosphere. These particles can remain suspended in the air for hours or days, depending on their size and wind strength. While sand usually settles close to the ground, fine dust can travel hundreds or even thousands of kilometers, crossing national borders and affecting distant regions. SDS are most common in arid and semi-arid areas with fragile soil and minimal vegetation cover. However, climate change, land degradation, deforestation, and overgrazing have increased their frequency and intensity. These storms reduce visibility, damage agriculture, disrupt transportation, and pose serious health risks. The fine particles they carry can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream. SDS are now recognized as a global problem requiring coordinated environmental and health responses.

Respiratory Problems

Sand and dust storms pose a serious threat to respiratory health due to the presence of fine particulate matter suspended in the air. When inhaled, these microscopic particles can bypass the nose’s natural filtration system and penetrate deep into the lungs. This can lead to irritation of the airways, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. People with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may experience severe flare-ups or even life-threatening attacks. Long-term exposure can increase the risk of developing bronchitis, reduced lung function, and other chronic respiratory conditions. Children whose lungs are still developing are particularly vulnerable. Dust particles may also carry allergens, bacteria, or toxins that further aggravate inflammation. Even healthy individuals may notice difficulty breathing or discomfort during prolonged exposure.

Cardiovascular Complications

Sand and dust storms are not only respiratory hazards, but they also pose significant risks to the cardiovascular system. Fine particles (especially PM2.5) can enter the bloodstream through the lungs, triggering systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. This can lead to the narrowing of blood vessels, elevated blood pressure, and increased blood viscosity, which raise the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions are particularly vulnerable during dust events. Studies have shown a rise in hospital admissions for heart failure and arrhythmias following episodes of poor air quality caused by dust storms. These particles may also destabilize atherosclerotic plaques, leading to acute coronary events. The elderly and those with hypertension or diabetes face compounded risks. Even short-term exposure can strain the heart, especially during physical exertion.

Eye Irritation

Sand and dust storms frequently cause eye irritation due to direct exposure to airborne particles. These tiny dust grains can enter the eyes, leading to redness, itching, burning sensations, and excessive tearing. The mechanical friction from particles can scratch the corneal surface, increasing the risk of infection. People with dry eyes or those who wear contact lenses are especially susceptible to discomfort and complications. Prolonged exposure can lead to conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eye’s outer membrane), which may become bacterial if left untreated. Some dust particles may carry pollutants, allergens, or microorganisms that exacerbate inflammation. In severe cases, repeated exposure can damage the cornea or impair vision temporarily.

Skin Reactions

Sand and dust storms can lead to a variety of skin problems, especially in individuals with sensitive skin or pre-existing dermatological conditions like eczema. The dry air and abrasive particles in dust storms strip the skin of its natural moisture barrier, causing dryness, flaking, and irritation. Prolonged exposure may result in redness, itching, or the appearance of rashes. In people with atopic dermatitis, symptoms can flare up and become more difficult to control. Fine dust particles may also carry allergens, microbes, or chemical pollutants that aggravate skin inflammation. Friction from airborne sand can cause micro-abrasions, increasing the risk of infection. The face, hands, and other exposed areas are most vulnerable.

Immune System Strain

Repeated or prolonged exposure to sand and dust storms can place a significant burden on the immune system. The fine particulate matter inhaled during these storms often carries allergens, microbes, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals, all of which can trigger inflammatory responses. This chronic inflammation may weaken the body’s ability to defend against infections and reduce overall immune efficiency. In susceptible individuals—such as those with asthma, autoimmune conditions, or chronic illnesses—this strain can lead to more frequent infections or flare-ups. Research shows that airborne pollutants can impair the activity of immune cells like macrophages and natural killer cells. The immune system may become overactive in some cases, increasing the risk of allergic reactions or autoimmune complications. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to this immune stress.

Environmental and Economic Effects

Sand and dust storms have far-reaching environmental and economic consequences that extend well beyond their immediate physical impact. These storms strip away fertile topsoil, leading to land degradation and reduced agricultural productivity. Crops can be damaged or buried under layers of dust, resulting in food shortages and financial losses for farmers. Airborne dust also disrupts ecosystems by altering soil chemistry and harming plant and animal life. In urban areas, reduced air quality increases the burden on healthcare systems due to respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses. Visibility issues disrupt transportation, leading to flight cancellations, road accidents, and shipping delays. Dust accumulation on solar panels, buildings, and machinery increases maintenance costs and reduces efficiency. Countries heavily affected by dust storms often face long-term economic strain, especially those with limited resources to implement control measures. The combined ecological and financial toll underscores the urgent need for global action and sustainable land management.

Who Is Most at Risk?

Certain population groups are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of sand and dust storms due to their age, health status, or exposure level. Children are particularly at risk because their lungs are still developing, and they breathe more air relative to their body size. The elderly often have weakened immune systems and pre-existing conditions that make them more susceptible to respiratory and cardiovascular complications. People with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, or allergies face higher risks of serious health flare-ups during dust events. Pregnant women may also be affected, as poor air quality can impact fetal development. Outdoor workers—such as farmers, construction workers, and traffic officers—are frequently exposed to high dust levels and face continuous health hazards. Residents of desert regions or areas with high land degradation are at elevated risk due to repeated exposure.

Global Action and Solutions

Addressing the rising threat of sand and dust storms requires coordinated international action and sustainable solutions. Countries must implement land restoration and anti-desertification measures, such as reforestation, sustainable agriculture, and the protection of vegetation cover. Early warning systems, using satellite data and meteorological models, can help forecast dust events and reduce their health and economic impacts. The United Nations encourages cross-border cooperation, as dust storms often originate in one region and affect many others. Public awareness campaigns and health advisories are vital to protect at-risk populations. Urban planning should include dust-mitigation infrastructure, while clean energy and climate adaptation strategies help reduce underlying causes. Investments in research and data sharing are essential to better understand SDS dynamics and inform policies. Global action must combine environmental, health, and socio-economic responses to build resilience and protect lives and ecosystems.

Prevention Tips

Protecting yourself during sand and dust storms begins with awareness and preparation. Stay indoors when a dust storm is approaching and close all windows and doors tightly to minimize indoor exposure. Use air purifiers with HEPA filters to improve indoor air quality. When going outside is unavoidable, wear a certified mask (like N95) and protective eyewear to reduce inhalation and eye irritation. People with respiratory or heart conditions should always carry necessary medications, such as inhales. After exposure, shower and change clothes to remove settled dust from the skin and hair. Keep your home clean by wet-mopping surfaces rather than sweeping. Stay hydrated and use moisturizers to prevent dry skin. Follow official health advisories and weather alerts during dust events.